Contralateral upper motor neuron dysfunction (e.g., contralateral movement paralysis).The primary sensory cortex is mapped in the same way using the sensory homunculus.Arranged medially to laterally as follows: toes, ankle, knee, hip, trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, little finger to thumb, eye, facial expression, mouth, chin, tongue, swallowing.The individual parts of the body are arranged against the corresponding cortical regions proportionate in size to their degree of innervation (e.g., the hand is represented disproportionately larger than the foot).The cortical regions responsible for processing the motor functions of the different regions of the body can be mapped using the motor homunculus.Gives rise to axons that form the corticospinal tract.The meninges comprise the three protective membranes that envelop the central nervous system, i.e. The four ventricles form an interconnected system that produces, drains, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which plays a role in waste removal and cushioning of the brain. The cortical hemispheres contain one of the lateral ventricles each, with the smaller third and fourth ventricles being located between the two thalami in the diencephalon and between the cerebral aqueduct and obex respectively. The basal ganglia are situated beneath the cortex, and they are heavily involved in motor control. The cerebrum is the key structure involved in perception, language, and coordination. Sulci separate the cerebral cortex further into a frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobe. The cortex represents the top-outer layer of the brain, which receives its convoluted appearance from a network of gyri and sulci. The longitudinal fissure divides the brain into two hemispheres. The cerebrum ( telencephalon) is the largest part of the brain and comprises the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures (e.g., basal ganglia, hippocampus).
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